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When foraging for plants, bears choose to eat them at the stage when they are at their most nutritious and digestible, typically avoiding older grasses, sedges and leaves.[53][55] Hence, in more northern temperate areas, browsing and grazing is more common early in spring and later becomes more restricted.[67] Knowing when plants are ripe for eating is a learned behavior.[55] Berries may be foraged in bushes or at the tops of trees, and bears try to maximize the number of berries consumed versus foliage.[67] In autumn, some bear species forage large amounts of naturally fermented fruits, which affects their behavior.[68] Smaller bears climb trees to obtain mast (edible reproductive parts, such as acorns).[69] Such masts can be very important to the diets of these species, and mast failures may result in long-range movements by bears looking for alternative food sources.[70] Brown bears, with their powerful digging abilities, commonly eat roots.[67] The panda's diet is over 99% bamboo,[71] of 30 different species. (569)
The bear family includes the most massive extant terrestrial members of the order Carnivora.[a] The polar bear is considered to be the largest extant species,[40] with adult males weighing 350–700 kilograms (770–1,500 pounds) and measuring 2.4–3 metres (7 ft 10 in – 9 ft 10 in) in total length.[41] The smallest species is the sun bear, which ranges 25–65 kg (55–145 lb) in weight and 100–140 cm (40–55 in) in length.[42] Prehistoric North and South American short-faced bears were the largest species known to have lived. (530)
In modern times, bears have come under pressure through encroachment on their habitats[118] and illegal trade in bear parts, including the Asian bile bear market, though hunting is now banned, largely replaced by farming.[119] The IUCN lists six bear species as vulnerable;[120] even the two least concern species, the brown bear and the American black bear,[120] are at risk of extirpation in certain areas. (504)
The brown bear and both species of black bears sometimes take large ungulates, such as deer and bovids, mostly the young and weak.[66][80][79] These animals may be taken by a short rush and ambush, though hiding young may be sniffed out and pounced on.[67][81] The polar bear mainly preys on seals, stalking them from the ice or breaking into their dens. (481)
The image of the mother bear was prevalent throughout societies in North America and Eurasia, based on the female's devotion and protection of her cubs.[135] In many Native American cultures, the bear is a symbol of rebirth because of its hibernation and re-emergence.[136] A widespread belief among cultures of North America and northern Asia associated bears with shaman; this may be based on the solitary nature of both. (453)
Most bears are opportunistic omnivores and consume more plant than animal matter, and appears to have evolved from an ancestor which was a low-protein macronutrient omnivore.[65] They eat anything from leaves, roots, and berries to insects, carrion, fresh meat, and fish, and have digestive systems and teeth adapted to such a diet.[56] At the extremes are the almost entirely herbivorous giant panda and the mostly carnivorous polar bear. (446)
The New World short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) differentiated from Ursinae following a dispersal event into North America during the mid-Miocene (about 13 Mya).[27] They invaded South America (≈2.5 or 1.2 Ma) following formation of the Isthmus of Panama.[29] Their earliest fossil representative is Plionarctos in North America (c. 10–2 Ma). This genus is probably the direct ancestor to the North American short-faced bears (genus Arctodus), the South American short-faced bears (Arctotherium), and the spectacled bears, Tremarctos, represented by both an extinct North American species (T. (435)
Brown and American black bears are generally diurnal, meaning that they are active for the most part during the day, though they may forage substantially by night.[60] Other species may be nocturnal, active at night, though female sloth bears with cubs may feed more at daytime to avoid competition from conspecifics and nocturnal predators.[61] Bears are overwhelmingly solitary and are considered to be the most asocial of all the Carnivora. (415)
aerophila were causing pathological symptoms.[114] By contrast, polar bears have few parasites; many parasitic species need a secondary, usually terrestrial, host, and the polar bear's life style is such that few alternative hosts exist in their environment. (407)

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position (32)
sleep (22)
sleeping (22)
it&#8217 (19)
cats (14)
positions (10)
you&#8217 (9)
sign (8)
kitty (8)
might (8)

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It’s a cat sleeping position in which your cat can fall into a truly deep sleep.
When he’s in the loaf position, however, it’s likely a sign he’s not in a deep sleep.
Though they often seem to be in a deep sleep in this position, it’s usually more of a catnap position since it does make your kitty more vulnerable.
The sideways cat sleeping position is another common position, and it’s similar to the belly up position.
This is a common position for wild cats and is something that is part of their natural instinct to protect themselves while sleeping.
It’s also a sleep position that protects your fuzzy friend’s vital organs.
This sleep position is a sign of an extremely relaxed cat, and he can fall into a deep sleep in this comfortable position.
There’s no real science behind why your cat might choose this sleeping position.

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As the proportion of sardines in the brown pelican's diet decreases, the success of fisheries declines to a lesser extent.[85] When eventually the sardine abundance has declined enough for brown pelicans to move away and begin feeding on other forage fish, commercial fishing still would be fishing in significant numbers.[85] This indicates that even when fisheries are not seeing signs of declining sardine abundance, brown pelicans may have already been affected to the point of locating other food sources.[85] This availability of sardines may decline even further during El Niño anomalies, when thermoclines prevent brown pelicans from reaching their prey.[85] Brown pelican diet will mostly indicate declines in sardine abundance for fisheries during the same season, as brown pelicans feed mostly on the same adult fish that are commercially fished.[85] Although brown pelicans serve as an important indicator species for fisheries, declining sardine abundance due to both climate changes and overfishing have huge implications on overall ecosystem health, within or outside the individual trophic cascade.
There has been a decline in chemical contaminant levels in brown pelican eggs since then, and a corresponding increase in its nesting success.[26] It became extinct in 1963 in Louisiana.[5] Between 1968 and 1980, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries' reintroduction program re-established the brown pelican, and its population numbers in California and Texas were restored due to improved reproduction and natural recolonization of the species.
By the 1960s, it had almost disappeared along the Gulf Coast and, in southern California, it had suffered almost total reproductive failure, due to DDT usage in the United States.[26] The brown pelican was listed under the United States Endangered Species Act from 1970 to 2009.[82] A research group from the University of Tampa, headed by Ralph Schreiber, conducted research in Tampa Bay, and found that DDT caused the pelican eggshells to be too thin to support the embryo to maturity.[61] In 1972, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) banned DDT usage in the United States and limited the use of other pesticides.
Sardine fishery in the Gulf of California has been showing signs of overfishing since the early 1990s.[89] Sardine population and abundance, however, is difficult to monitor and obtain indicators for.[89] Since lacking food availability has negative implications for breeding success in seabirds, seabird diet, and breeding success have been used to indirectly measure the population status of the fish they feed on.[89] This model has been shown to work using brown pelicans as an indicator species.
The brown pelican is the smallest of the eight extant pelican species, but is often one of the larger seabirds in their range nonetheless.[14][15] It measures 1 to 1.52 m (3 ft 3 in to 5 ft 0 in) in length and has a wingspan of 2.03 to 2.28 m (6 ft 8 in to 7 ft 6 in).[5] The weight of adults can range from 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb), about half the weight of the other pelicans found in the Americas, the Peruvian and American white pelicans.
As the brown pelican flies at a maximum height of 18 to 21 m (60 to 70 ft) above the ocean, it can spot schools of fish while flying.[41] When foraging, it dives bill-first like a kingfisher,[45] often submerging completely below the surface momentarily as it snaps up prey.[46] Besides its sister species, the Peruvian pelican, this is the only pelican to primarily forage via diving, all other extant pelican merely float on the waters' surface when foraging.[47][48] Upon surfacing, it spills the water from its throat pouch before swallowing its catch.[46] Only the Peruvian pelican shares this active foraging style (although that species never dives from such a great height[27]), while other pelicans forage more inactively by scooping up corralled fish while swimming on the water surface.

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california (17)
pelecanus (16)
retrieved (15)
occidentalis (15)
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