Consensus

The Incidence of Social Spending and Taxes in Peru

Abstract

Standard tax and benefit incidence analysis is used to estimate the effects of fiscal policy on poverty and inequality in Peru. Results suggest that the extent of inequality and poverty reduction induced by Peru’s fiscal policy is small. This result is associated with low social spending rather than with inefficient spending. Most social spending components are progressive and overall social spending is also progressive. We find that direct cash transfers are well targeted and are especially effective in reducing extreme poverty in rural areas. We also find that in-kind transfers are effective in reducing inequality. Finally, direct taxes slightly reduce inequality, while, countering intuition, indirect taxes are neutral once informality is incorporated in the estimates.

Authors

M. Jaramillo

Mindfulness: performance, wellness or fad?

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on “mindfulness” as an emerging wellness, performance, and leadership solution in business, and the role of human resources (HR) in effectively leveraging the potential value while minimizing the potential risks. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews current research and current discussion of mindfulness in business, leadership, health, and management media, and provides recommendations for effective adoption. Findings Benefits of mindfulness practices include improved overall health and improved stress management for individuals and correlated benefits in productivity and performance of individuals, teams, and leaders. The potential risks of mindfulness include disengagement of non-participants and wasted investment if not integrated with company practices and culture. Practical implications This paper highlights the importance of aligning introduction of mindfulness with company practices and culture, ensuring voluntary participation, providing effective communication, and maintaining a secular nature of implementation. Originality/value This paper helps HR leaders leverage mindfulness for performance and wellness of individuals, teams and leaders.

Authors

C. Altizer

Improving muscle mass: response of muscle metabolism to exercise, nutrition and anabolic agents.

Published in Essays in biochemistry

Abstract

Muscle mass is critical for athletic performance and, perhaps more importantly for most, health and survival. The metabolic basis for a change in muscle mass is an increase in net muscle protein balance (termed NBAL). NBAL is the difference between MPS (muscle protein synthesis) and MPB (muscle protein breakdown). Thus an increase in MPS and/or a decrease in MPB are necessary for NBAL to increase, leading to accretion of muscle proteins. In particular, accretion of myofibrillar proteins is necessary. NBAL responds to exercise, feeding and other factors. In healthy, weight-stable adults, muscle mass remains constant because periods of positive balance following feeding are countered by periods of negative balance during fasting. A combination of resistance exercise and nutrition is a potent anabolic stimulus through stimulation of MPS from amino acids and attenuation of MPB by carbohydrates. Increased muscle mass results from the accumulation of small amounts of protein in response to each bout of exercise combined with nutrient intake. The magnitude of the response may be influenced by factors other than just the amount of a nutrient ingested. Timing of ingestion, co-ingestion of nutrients and the type of protein may all influence protein accretion. Testosterone is a potent anabolic stimulus primarily through improvement in re-utilization of amino acids from MPB. There is a general lack of efficacy in studies assessing the potential for growth hormone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrostenedione to increase muscle mass. Creatine supplementation is clearly an effective means to increase muscle mass, especially in combination with resistance exercise, however the mechanisms remain unclear. Results from acute metabolic studies provide useful information for estimation of the efficacy of anabolic agents.

Authors

K. Tipton, A. Ferrando